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U.S. Constitution
See other U.S. Constitution Articles

Title: House Judiciary Committee Majority Report on Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment (Dec 2019)
Source: House Judiciary Committee
URL Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/438 ... sidential-Impeachment-Dec-2019
Published: Dec 7, 2019
Author: Judiciary Committee Staff
Post Date: 2019-12-07 21:08:07 by nolu chan
Keywords: None
Views: 4846
Comments: 20

House Judiciary Committee Majority Report on Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment (Dec 2019)

The Foreward by Mr. Nadler contains the following disclaimer:

The views and conclusions contained in the report are staff views and do not necessarily reflect those of the Committee on the Judiciary or any of its members.

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#6. To: All (#0)

Majority Report at 41-42:

The Constitution does not prescribe rules of evidence for impeachment proceedings in the House or Senate. Consistent with its sole powers to impeach and to determine the rules of its proceedings, the House is constitutionally authorized to consider any evidence that it believes may illuminate the issues before it. At this fact-finding stage, “no technical ‘rules of evidence' apply,” and “[e]vidence may come from investigations by committee staff, from grand jury matter made available to the committee, or from any other source.”228 The House may thus “subpoena documents, call witnesses, hold hearings, make legal de­terminations, and undertake any other activities necessary to fulfill [its] mandate.”229 When deciding whether to bring charges against the President, the House is not restricted by the Constitution in deciding which evidence to consider or how much weight to afford it.

Indeed, were rules of evidence to apply anywhere, it would be in the Senate, where impeachments are tried. Yet the Senate does not treat the law of evidence as controlling at such trials.230 As one scholar explains, “rules of evidence were elaborated primarily to hold juries within narrow limits. They have no place in the impeachment process. Both the House and the Senate ought to hear and consider all evidence which seems relevant, without regard to technical rules. Senators are in any case continually exposed to ‘hearsay' evidence; they cannot be sequestered and kept away from newspapers, like a jury.”231

Instead of adopting abstract or inflexible rules, the House and Senate have long relied on their common sense and good judgment to assess evidence in impeachments. When evidence is relevant but there is reason to question its reliability, those considerations affect how much weight the evidence is given, not whether it can be considered at all.

__________

228 Black & Bobbitt, Impeachment, at 9.

229 Tribe & Matz, To End a Presidency, at 129.

230 Gerhardt, The Federal Impeachment Process, at 42 (“[E]ven if the Senate could agree on such rules for impeachment trials, they would not be enforceable against or binding on individual senators, each of whom traditionally has had the discretion in an impeachment trial to follow any evidentiary standards he or she sees fit.”).

231 Black & Bobbitt, Impeachment, at 18. see also Gerhardt, The Federal Impeachment Process, at 117 (“Both state and federal courts require special rules of evidence to make trials more efficient and fair or to keep certain evidence away from a jury, whose members might not understand or appreciate its reliability, credibility, or potentially prejudicial effect.”).

The citation to Black and Bobbitt at their page 18 should consider that said book did not necessarily recite the reality of the way things are or ever were, but the opinion of the author about the way things ought to be.

Consider the way things ought to be at the very next page. Who believes Congress could possibly adopt this point, from page 19, without invoking outrage:

I would on the other hand (though I am certain that others will disagree) most strenuously advocate that radio, television, and cameras have no more place in this solemn business than they have in any other trial, and for the same reasons. There is no point in inflicting humiliation greater than that inflicted by the mere fact of impeachment. Nothing solid is added to public information by making a continuing spectacle of a trial. Above all, television, radio, and photography act upon that which they purport to observe; what one sees and hears is not what would have occurred if these modern means of communication were not there. At least there is a great danger of this, a danger often realized in the past, and that is enough to justify exclusion.

As for the Gearhart claim in footnote 231 that, "they would not be enforceable against or binding on individual senators, each of whom traditionally has had the discretion in an impeachment trial to follow any evidentiary standards he or she sees fit," no individual senator can decide whether evidence is admitted or excluded. The Chief Justice will decide, but his decision can be overriden by a majority vote of the senators. If Gearhart is attempting to say that the senators, acting as jurors, can engage in behavior akin to jury nullification, yeah, they can. As in the case of jury nullification, they can choose to ignore the law or the rules and enjoy immunity from penalty. That does not mean the law or rules do not apply, or that they would not violate their oath, it means only that they would be immune from penalty for having done so.

It is a strange position for a constitutional lawyer to argue.

nolu chan  posted on  2019-12-08   13:30:47 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


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